These French adventurers prompted Spain to accelerate her plans for colonization. As a result, Pedro Menendez de Aviles was sent to drive out the French colonists. The names of two indigenous leaders (caciques) who rebelled against Spanish colonization, Enriquillo and Hatuey in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola), have become important.[12]. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. God, Gold, and Glory Spain was driven by three main motivations. At the same time, French explorers were moving down the Mississippi River valley and eastward along the Gulf Coast. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. Why did Spain colonize Florida? They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. There is debate about the impact of ranching on the environment in the colonial era, with sheep herding being called out for its negative impact, while others contest that. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. By the time Spain established St. Augustine in 1565, France already had a toehold in Florida. Hispanic American Historical Review 53.4 (1973): 581-599. Given enough time, this plan might have converted Florida into a flourishing colony, but British rule lasted only twenty years. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. Neither was effective in its purpose. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. He was not only given no assistance in the struggle against foreign diseases, but was prevented from adopting even the most elementary measures to secure his food, clothing, and shelter. A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. Pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens allowed Spaniards to eat a diet with which they were familiar. He established a settlement at Pensacola Bay, but a series of misfortunes caused his efforts to be abandoned after two years. Of approximately 80 men who went with Juan Ponce de Len to conquer Florida, nearly all died in battle or from wounds, including the entrada's leader. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Why did Spain colonize Florida? If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. ", Weber, David J. The crown attempted to curb Spaniards' exploitation, banning Spaniards' bequeathing their private grants of indigenous communities' tribute and encomienda labor in 1542 in the New Laws. Dressing, J. David. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. Yet, Britain soon had populated permanent settlements in the new world for a different reason.The settlement of these colonies was motivated by religion. [153] A 2010 film, Even the Rain starring Gael Garca Bernal, is set in modern Cochabamba, Bolivia during the Cochabamba Water War, following a film crew shooting a controversial life of Columbus. Expeditions continued to explore territories in hopes of finding another Aztec or Inca empire, with no further success. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. Firstly the Spanish wanted to get to the gold that were thought to be present in New Mexico. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. Spain was not the only European nation that found Florida attractive. He called the area la Florida, in honor of Pascua florida ("feast of the flowers"), Spain's Eastertime celebration. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. Cline, and Javier Pescador, Cook, David Noble. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. At that time, St. Augustine was still a garrison community with fewer than five hundred houses, and Pensacola also was a small military town. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. Florida officially became a Spanish colony. [c] Shortly after founding Santa Fe, Oate was recalled to Mexico City by the Spanish authorities. The capital city of a viceroyalty became of the seat of the archbishop. When did Spanish colonize Florida? As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. The first mission was founded in New Mexico by friars who accompanied a 1598 expedition by Don Juan Oante, who explored the southwest in search of gold. Between 1530 and 1536 Jalisco and other Pacific coast regions were conquered by Nuo de Guzmn. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. To this end, Dutch traders formed powerful alliances with Native Americans based on the trade of beaver pelts and furs. The French continued to harass Spanish Florida's western border and captured Pensacola in 1719, twenty-one years after the town had been established. Through such methods, the Spaniards came to accumulate a massive force of thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. Britain encouraged these settlements, benefiting from the vast array of raw materials the colonies found and cultivated. In 1606, King James I granted a charter to colonize Virginia to the Virginia Company of London, a joint-stock company of investors who believed there was a profit to be made. taskmasters. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. Answer 1. The primary motivation for Dutch settlement of this area was financialthe country wanted to add to its treasury. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. Rachel Sanderson Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619. House of Welser in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. These overseas territories of the Spanish Empire were under the jurisdiction of Crown of Castile until the last territory was . During the early Age of Discovery, the diocesan clergy in Spain was poorly educated and considered of a low moral standing, and the Catholic Monarchs were reluctant to allow them to spearhead evangelization. They wanted to be rich as other dominating colonisers like the British. [106] Until the eighteenth century, there were just two viceroyalties, with the Viceroyalty of New Spain (founded 1535) administering North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and the Philippines, and the viceroyalty of Peru (founded 1542) having jurisdiction over Spanish South America. Ron DeSantis, Governor Question 5 options: The Spanish found silver and gold mines there. De Soto and his soldiers camped for five months in the area now known as Tallahassee. Geography, Human Geography, Physical Geography, Religion, Social Studies, Economics, U.S. History, World History. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. He strongly influenced the formulation of colonial policy under the Catholic Monarchs, and was instrumental in establishing the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) (1503), which enabled crown control over trade and immigration. Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). Sometime between April 2 and April 8, Ponce de Len waded ashore on the northeast coast of Florida, possibly near present-day St. Augustine. Depending on the conditions in a jurisdiction, the position of factor/veedor was often eliminated, as well. [115] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditches and bridges, supervising public health, regulating festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. Cord Byrd, Secretary of State. These overseas territories of the Spanish Empire were under the jurisdiction of Crown of Castile until the last territory was lost in 1898. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. In areas of dense, stratified indigenous populations, especially Mesoamerica and the Andean region, Spanish conquerors awarded perpetual private grants of labor and tribute to particular indigenous settlements, in encomienda they were in a privileged position to accumulate private wealth. London, England: Penguin Classics. Why did Spain colonize Florida and the Rio Grande valley? During the French and Indian War, Britain had captured Havana, Spain's busiest port. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons, so the Spanish government decided to cede the territory to the United States in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. The Spanish recognized indigenous elites as nobles and gave them continuing standing in their communities. The Mapuche people of Chile, whom the Spaniards called Araucanians, resisted fiercely. "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. Something went wrong. Here are some simple, historical facts: Africans already were skilled before they were enslaved. [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. The Spanish did establish the settlement of Chile in 1541, founded by Pedro de Valdivia. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. De Austrias a Borbones", Encyclopedia of Latin and mexicpo is the best History and Culture 1996, "Cochineal Production and Trade in New Spain to 1600", Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue, Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history, The Political Force of Images, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 15201820, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1160018140. The protection of the indigenous populations from enslavement and exploitation by Spanish settlers were established in the Laws of Burgos, 15121513. "La catastrophe dmographique" (The Demographic Catastrophe) in. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. They forbade the maltreatment of natives, and endorsed the forced resettlement of indigenous populations with attempts of conversion to Catholicism. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) in Seville. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. Cuman in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas,[14] in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernndez de Serpa's foundation in 1569.
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