Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil and Surface Sediments of Meycauayan River NOAA OR&R Report 08-1 [Internet], National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Dynamics of dissolved oxygen and vertical circulation in fish ponds, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. It might float up or sink down to a depth to which it is not adapted and might not survive.22 Sources of dissolved solids might come from different industrial activities and surface runoff along the river. Dissolved oxygen did not reach the recommended limit of 5.0 ppm of the DENR. Ammonia and COD levels were above recommended limits. Proper and frequent application of zeolite is required to achieve the desired effect of this technology. The aim of the present study was to provide insight on the current status of the Meycauayan River and outline an appropriate strategy to solve problems of organic and heavy metal contamination. Both upstream and midstream exceeded the severe effect level of 820 ppm for Zn. In relation to dissolved oxygen, a high ORP level means that oxygen is abundant for the bacteria. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Temperature affects metabolism and physiology and ultimately affects the production of cultured fish. The other heavy metals such as arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and Cd were below the limit of detection. In addition, sediment quality index assessment must be included and highlighted because of the importance of sediment to the health of surrounding water bodies. Visual inspection indicated that the color of the water was gray upstream and midstream, and black at the downstream station. Chemical oxygen demand values are always greater than the biochemical oxygen demand measurements. These include soil and rock leaching, wastewater treatment plants, runoff from fertilized lawns and cropland, failing septic tanks, runoff from animal manure, drained wetlands, and household waste.24. The total Cu concentration of sediments in Pond 5 showed a decreasing trend throughout the culture period. Objectives. Pollution in the aquatic environment is often a direct or indirect result of human activities and can result in damage to living resources, hazards to human health, a burden to aquatic activities and impairment of water quality. Surface sediments were collected at each site along the river using a grab sampler. Strategies such as phytoremediation (vetiver grass pontoons), application of probiotics and zeolite (with filtration as pre-treatment) were utilized in ponds to decrease or remove toxic pollutants in water and sediments. This water quality parameter is an indicator that discharge, or other sources of pollution, have entered a water body.21 In the present study, electrical conductivity level increased from upstream to downstream. Table 6 show the Cu content of water at the Nagbalon and Liputan sites. In addition, the present study aimed to determine the heavy metal content of the river sediment and identify the site with the highest pollution load in the river system. The Meycauayan River is considered one of the most severely polluted rivers in the Philippines due to heavy metal and organic pollution that has caused environmental degradation. Downstream exceeded the recommended chemical oxygen demand limit of 20 ppm.15 The nitrate level was low downstream (0.15 ppm) compared to upstream (0.56 ppm). Samples were brought to the laboratory for heavy metal analysis. The Meycauayan River is considered one of the most severely polluted rivers in the Philippines due to heavy metal and organic pollution that has caused environmental degradation. This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). The study area was the Meycauayan River segment of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system in Bulacan. [updated 2018 Oct 12; cited 2018 Sep 10]. Microplastics Occurrence in Surface Waters and Sediments in Five River Phosphates are usually present in low concentrations in the environment. Based on the standards set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for freshwater bodies of water that are used for recreational activities such as bathing, which is a criterion of Class C water, the water samples from the downstream and upstream sites exceeded the allowed limit of 126 cfu/ml.16 A bacterial count for water samples from the same sources was also obtained and the results showed that the bacterial counts obtained at the upstream and downstream locations of the river were 1.4 106 cfu/ml and 7.5 105 cfu/ml, respectively. Objectives. The two sampling areas were located at Barangay Nagbalon, Marilao, Bulacan Province and Barangay Liputan, Meycauayan, Bulacan Province, the Phillippines. In 2007, the watchdog named Marilao in its list of 30 "dirtiest" places on earth. Heavy Metals Concentrations in Pond Water Before Pond Preparation and at the Start of Cultivation for Ponds at Nagbalon and Liputan. One cause of decreased dissolved oxygen concentration is pollution, due to effluents or runoff water with constituents that have high oxygen demand for decomposition.18 Based on the obtained results, the dissolved oxygen level did not meet the standard of the DENR, which is 5.0 ppm. The creek has also emitted a strong odor of . The data of heavy metals in sediments indicate that the Meycauayan River is severely polluted with Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn and Cr. (a) Pond 1 (filtered + probiotics + zeolite); (b) Pond 2 (probiotics + zeolite); (c) Pond 3 (phytoremediation) and (d) Control Pond 1, Oxygen levels in ponds at the Liputan site in the morning and afternoon monitoring. The most common group of bacteria used in monitoring and assessing water quality are coliform bacteria. Table 2 shows the analytical methods used in determining water quality. The present study showed that TDS increased from upstream towards downstream. Zeolites are hydrated aluminosilicate minerals that contain alkali and alkaline earth materials. It is composed of gravel, pebbles and sand that filters the incoming water from the river. Background: Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. Meycauayan - Wikipedia A significant difference was observed for temperature between the morning and afternoon. Manila River Mouths Act as Temporary Sinks for Macroplastic Pollution In addition, it aims to identify the most effective pollution mitigation strategy for use in aquaculture ponds in Bulacan. As water temperature increases, density decreases. [cited 2018 Aug 26]. This work investigated the sources of the heavy metal pollution in Meycauayan by analyzing soil and sediment samples for heavy metals like Chromium (Cr), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb) together with selected environmental indicators such as Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Organic Matter (TOM), and Total Phosphorus (TP) located along the . In recent decades, Bangladesh has emerged as a leading textile exporter globally due to its low labor cost and high-quality products. According to DENR 201608, it was within the recommended limits of 6.59.0.10 The temperature from upstream to downstream was within the recommended range of 2531C set by the DENR during the sampling time. The most common group of bacteria used for monitoring and assessing water quality are coliform bacteria. Meycauayan, an Industrial City in Bulacan, Philippines: Heavy Metal Monthly sediment sampling from the different ponds was done to determine the levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, chromium (Cr), Hg, Pb, manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn)) in each pond. Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. Chromium was detected in the sediments for both Nagbalon and Liputan sites. Higher temperatures increase the rate of biochemical activity of microbiota and plant respiratory rates, causing an increase in oxygen demand that can result in decreased DO. Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan In order to address severe water pollution in the river system, several remediation strategies have been utilized. The recommended ORP limit for aquatic life is 300500 mV.13,14 The biochemical oxygen demand for both upstream (13.22 ppm) and downstream (12.02 ppm) exceeded the recommended limit of 7.00 ppm by the DENR.10 The chemical oxygen demand level was higher at the downstream site (84 ppm) than the upstream site (20 ppm). However, Cu levels still exceeded the severe effect level of 110 ppm. John Vincent R. Pleto, Veronica P. Migo, Mark Dondi M. Arboleda; Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan River Segment of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System in Bulacan, the Philippines. Toxicity characterization leaching procedure must also be performed to determine if the heavy metals present are highly toxic to fishes. ADB encourages websites and blogs to link to its web pages. Total dissolved solids are generally used as an aggregate indicator of the presence of chemical contaminants. It aims to assess the performance of different remediation strategies in terms of the physicochemical changes in water and the heavy metal content of water and sediments along with the growth performance of stocked milkfish. 201608: water quality guidelines and general effluent standards of 2016 [Internet], Screening quick reference table for inorganics in sediment, NOAA screening quick reference tables: NOAA OR&R report 08-1 [Internet], National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Testing the waters: chemical and physical vital signs of a river, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Bacterial water quality standards for recreational waters (freshwater and marine waters), Water quality assessment of Osun River: studies on inorganic nutrients, National water quality status report 20012005 [Internet], Environmental Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, The water quality of the Pasig River in the city of Manila, Philippines: current status, management and future recovery, Water: monitoring and assessment: 5.9 conductivity [Internet]. It is one of the oldest towns in the province. Thus, Cr is likely at elevated and toxic levels. Chemical oxygen demand is the total measurement of all chemicals (organic and inorganics) in the water. Freshwater streams require a conductivity level between 0.15 mS/cm to 0.50 mS/cm to support diverse aquatic life. However, a decreasing trend in ammonia level was observed at all treatment ponds. Twelve or more vetiver mats were installed on each bamboo pontoon. (Source: Google Maps). Ammonia levels of ponds at the Nagbalon study site over the entire culture period, Ammonia levels of ponds at the Liputan study site over the entire culture period. The percentage survival (based on biomass) was highest in Pond 2 at 98.30% and the lowest in Pond 3 (phytoremediation, 64.60%) due to fish mortality. The river system is currently used as a source of water for the aquaculture industry in Bulacan. When the phytoremediation setups for both sites were installed, there was a significant increase in the average body weight of milkfish, as reflected in the 2nd and 3rd month of sampling. 583. p, Effect of zeolite on reduction of cadmium level in water and improvement of haematological parameters in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters), The influence of chankanay zeolites as feed additives on the chemical, biochemical and histological profile of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Method 365.1: Determination of Phosphorus by Semi-Automated Colorimtery, Method 410.3: Chemical Oxygen Demand (Titrimetric, High Level for Saline Waters) by Titration, Method 7000B: Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, This site uses cookies. Fish parameters such as average body weight and feed conversion ratio were determined. Water quality assessment of Meycauayan River, Bulacan, Philippines After a month of milkfish cultivation, the FCR was improved in ponds with probiotics at the Nagbalon site. The City of Meycauayan is considered as one of the most polluted cities in the developing world on the account of industrial discharges of toxic materials to the environment. Low dissolved oxygen levels were the result of the high discharge of domestic and industrial waste in the river system, similar to the Meycauayan River.20. The sediments were pooled for heavy metal analysis. The samples were placed in an ice chest for transport to the Central Analytical Services Laboratory, BIOTECH, University of the Philippines Los Baos for the ex-situ analysis. Levels in industrial waters can range as high as 10 000 S/cm.12 The conductivity level was alarmingly high and not suitable for aquatic life. Heavy Metal Content of Sediments Before Application of Zeolite. This study was funded by Pure Earth. Prior to analysis, the samples were air dried for 2448 hours. The copper (Cu) levels were very high at the upstream location (877 ppm), followed by midstream (340 ppm) and lowest at the downstream site (134 ppm). A study was conducted to determine the heavy metal concentration of sediments from Manila Bay and its inflow rivers. For the Liputan site, Pond 5 (phytoremediation) showed the highest average weight of 251.3 g, while Pond 4 (filtered + probiotics + zeolite) showed an average weight of only 107 g. The percentage survival (based on biomass) was highest for Pond 5 at 94.7% and lowest for Pond 4 at only 53.6%. Controls with probiotics and zeolite are needed to delineate their effect on COD, BOD, pH and metal removal. The FCR of fish was relatively low compared to the control pond. Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk. Elemental analysis was conducted . Final report, A citizen's guide to bioremediation [Internet], United States Environmental Protection Agency, Using microorganism for bioremediation: the barriers to implementation, US EPA Method 350.1: Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen by Semi-Automated Colorimetry. . The results of the sediment quality analysis of heavy metals using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and their assessment with different sediment quality guidelines are shown in Table 4. We measured plastic flux, item polymer category, and flow velocity at two locations per river during an 11-day period. Pure Earth is the new name of Blacksmith Institute, the watchdog that has put a spotlight on the pollution of the Meycauayan-Marilao-Obando River System (MMORS). The manganese (Mn) level of the midstream and downstream sites was high and exceeded the severe effect level of 1100 ppm. 200609 . It was mixed with molasses with water at a rate of 500 ml molasses and 100 L of water for every 1 L Super biotic and was incubated for 24 hours in a drum before application to the ponds. In the present study, the level did not reach the probable effect level of 197.00 ppm. Phytoremediation appeared to be the most cost-effective strategy used in the present study. The application of probiotics in the present study influenced fish growth, as reflected by milkfish harvested at the Nagbalon site. Water pollution due to industrial activities and technological development poses significant threats to the environment and public health because of its toxicity, nonbiodegradability and bioaccumulation. 2016 - 08, Effect of inland groundwater salinity on digestibility and other aspects of nutrition physiology in Mugil cephalus and Chanos chanos (Forsskal), Proceedings of 3rd Interaction Workshop Fish production using brackishwater in arid-ecosystem, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India, Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: introduction [Internet], Canadian environmental quality guidelines, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, NOAA screening quick reference tables. Existing studies have monitored heavy metals in water, but not in sediments in the Philippines. This study was supported by the Pure Earth Philippines' project on River Water Quality Monitoring of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS). Another important water variable related to conductivity is TDS. Average Body Weight and Feed Conversion Ratio of Milkfish Across Ponds. Published July 30, 2008 8:38pm. The majority of studies on heavy metal pollution in urban areas in the Philippines focused on Manila (Prudente et al. Water quality in the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river system (MMORS) of Bulacan, the Philippines, is of great concern due to the pollution load from local industries. Four replicate samples were obtained and pooled equally into two 1 L polyethylene bottles for analysis. The vetiver grass was set up in 1 1 m square bamboo pontoons. The levels of ammonia, BOD and COD in the phytoremediation ponds at both sites were relatively lower than the other ponds. Objectives. This can accelerate eutrophication, causing a dramatic increase in aquatic plant growth and changes in the type of plants and animals living in the river. For the Liputan site, temperature had a significantly strong positive relationship with fish weight. However, based on fish survival, the ponds at Liputan had a very high percentage survival compared to Nagbalon. This Pilot and Demonstration Activities (PDA) pilot tested locally-fabricated, cost-effective technologies to reduce mercury and other heavy metals in the Meycauayan river system. Fish can become stressed in water with a pH ranging from 4.0 to 6.5 and 9.0 to 11.0, and death is almost certain at a pH less than 4.0 or greater than 11.0.22 The pH levels in the present study were within optimum levels. After application of zeolite, there was a decrease in lead levels throughout the culture period. Thus, a higher O value indicates more pollution.18 The results showed that river water exceeded the recommended limit of 7 ppm. They have no waste treatment facilities and the emissions, solid and liquid wastes from the refining process, find their way into the atmosphere, river system, and eventually to thousands of hectares of fishponds downstream and urban communities that depend highly on groundwater sources. Artisanal gold and precious metal refiners that use toxic heavy metals lie on the upstream causing much of the pollution. Conclusions. The river system is heavily polluted due to many industrial and domestic sources, including untreated municipal wastewater from sewers and poorly operated septic tanks; heavy metals (chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), etc.) Bulacan are required to treat their wastewater to curb water pollution in rivers. The oxidation reduction potential (ORP) was positive, but relatively low upstream (30 mV) and midstream (15 mV) and negative downstream (190.75 mV). Disgusting Meycauayan River ranked 5th in Global List of Plastic . Table 7 shows the monthly average body weight and feed conversion ratio of milkfish for both sites. The average body weight (ABW) was obtained and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was computed. Chromium levels were less than the limit of detection after three months of culture for the majority of ponds at the Nagbalon site. Biochemical oxygen demand exceeded the recommended limits of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) of 7.0 ppm with values of 13.22 ppm (upstream) and 12.02 ppm (downstream). Nitrates and phosphates in excess amounts can cause significant water quality problems. City Hall, Meycauayan City, Philippines Air Pollution: Real-time Air Objectives: Assessment of heavy metal levels in an urban river in the Philippines Physicochemical parameters of water such as dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, pH, salinity, ammonia, phosphate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were monitored throughout the culture period. Throughout the culture period, there was a decrease in Pb concentration in sediments after the application of zeolite. This, in turn, affects dissolved oxygen, temperature, and other water quality indicators. Active children and adults, and people with respiratory . Ex situ parameters such as NH3 and PO4 were monitored on a weekly basis. Recipient(s) will receive an email with a link to 'Preliminary Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of the Meycauayan River Segment of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System in Bulacan, the Philippines' and will not need an account to access the content. Competing Interests. Copper, chromium, lead and manganese were detected in pond sediments. Two sites were chosen as the pilot remediation sites ponds in Barangay Nagbalon, Marilao and Barangay Liputan, Meycauayan, Bulacan. However, a 1.0 ppm level of phosphate is good for plankton production, which serves as fish food. Polluted Bulacan waterway stinks, turns different colors Nickel (Ni) levels in the sediments were very high at the upstream (301 ppm) and midstream (178 ppm) locations and below the limit of detection at the downstream site. Fish start to gasp for air on the water surface, which is an indication of a very low DO level. Heavy metals in sediments and fish were monitored. It indicates that there is very low abundance of photosynthetic organisms in the river system due to pollution. These grasses were later collected and utilized for heavy metals analysis. Sediment samples were collected from four random sites on each pond. For the other parameters, ammonia showed a significant difference over time for the Liputan site. The DO level of ponds at both study sites was below the recommended level in the morning and at a supersaturated level in the afternoon. Despite the short span of the phytoremediation set up, there were substantial changes in water quality. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software package. Excess nitrates can cause hypoxia or low levels of dissolved oxygen and can become toxic to aquatic organisms at higher concentrations (10 mg/l).23 The results of the present study indicate that nitrate levels did not exceed the limit of 7 ppm. Mining, leather and leather products, fabricated metal products and electrical equipment are industries with Cu-bearing discharges that contribute to anthropogenic inputs of Cu to surface water.26 Since Marilao and Meycauayan rivers are known to be polluted with heavy metals, there is a high probability that the aquaculture sector may be affected by Cu toxicity. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200609, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, http://worstpolluted.org/reports/change/2007, https://emb.gov.ph/national-water-quality-status-report/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1265-2, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_352-1_1971.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_365-3_1978.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_410-4_1993.pdf, https://pab.emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/DAO-2016-08-WQG-and-GES.pdf, https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/SQuiRTs.pdf, https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2010.15.3.173, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms59.html, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms58.html, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms57.html, https://archive.epa.gov/water/archive/web/html/vms56.html, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3899-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0078-y, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90009-4. For the temporal analysis, DO and temperature showed significant differences between morning and afternoon monitoring times. All the ponds with treatments had relatively lower BOD compared to the control ponds at both sites. Application of zeolite may not have decreased the heavy metal content of sediments, but is still a prospect to address heavy metal contamination in sediments through the adsorption of zeolite, making heavy metals unavailable for fishes. Ponds applied with probiotics had the highest average fish weight for Pond 1 and Pond 2. It also inhibits the activity of the respiratory enzyme succinic dehydrogenase.16 Supersaturated dissolved oxygen occurs when oxygen is produced by algae more quickly than it can escape into the atmosphere. In terms of temperature level, dissolved oxygen is inversely related, and the solubility of gases decreases as temperature increases.19 The results agreed that a higher temperature site demonstrated relatively low dissolved oxygen levels. Super biotic was applied during pond preparation and the pH fixer was applied after 2 months of culture. In light of these problems, it is important to determine and assess the condition of the surrounding environment. In addition, the mean dissolved oxygen level at the midstream site was only 0.98 ppm with a saturation of 12%, while downstream had the lowest dissolved oxygen level with 0.49 ppm and saturation of only 6%. In general, pH levels increased in the afternoon for all study ponds. [about 1 screen]. Blacksmith Institute, an environmental group that monitors pollution levels in different parts of the globe, included the two sites in its "Dirty Thirty" list of the World's Worst Polluted Places for 2007. The phytoremediation setup showed a decreased level of some parameters such as ammonia, BOD, and COD. Chemical oxygen demand exceeded the limit of 20 ppm at the downstream site at 84 ppm. The results of the present study indicate the presence of severe heavy metal pollution in sediments. The salinity level in the morning was much higher than in the afternoon. . Table 9 summarizes the heavy metal content of sediments of the different ponds before the application of zeolites. The Meycauayan River System originates from the hills of Sapang Palay and San Jose del Monte, and courses down into Manila Bay via its tributaries. 51 -100. Heavy metal contamination enters through different pathways either from point sources such as discharge of industrial wastes or non-point sources from runoff of landfills.26 These metals are high priority pollutants because of their relatively high toxicity, persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in aquatic biota.27 Heavy metals trapped in aquatic environments tend to accumulate in sediments which act as sinks and sources of contaminants in water. In healthy waters, ORP values must be within 300 to 500 mV for aquatic life.13,14, Biochemical oxygen demand determines the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of organic matter from a pollution source. During the harvest period, the ponds with probiotics showed the highest average body weight of milkfish for the Nagbalon site, while the pond with phytoremediation showed the highest average body weight for the Liputan site. After air drying, the sediments were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (Niton-XRF analyzer). [updated 2012 Mar 6; cited 2020 Apr 1]. In the Philippines, the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System (MMORS) in the province of Bulacan was included in "The Dirty Thirty", a list of the world's 30 most polluted places The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the water and sediments were analyzed and evaluated based on available local and international standards. Water samples were collected from four random sampling points at each pond and pooled into two 1-L polyethylene bottles. There was a high coliform count at both the upstream (3.5 104 colony-forming unit (cfu)/ml) and downstream (2.5 104) sites, which exceeded the limit of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) of 126 cfu/100 ml.
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