Ancient Pergamon - Biblical Archaeology Society OpenBible.info Yet it was only under Trajan and his successors that a comprehensive redesign and remodelling took place, with the construction of a Roman 'new city' at the base of the Acropolis. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". A large gymnasium area was built in the 2nd century BC on the south side of the Acropolis. He also belonged to the broader cycle of myths related to the Trojan War as the grandson of Achilles through his father Neoptolemus and of Eetion of Thebe through his mother Andromache (concubine to Neoptolemus after the death of Hector of Troy). This Roman new city was able to expand without any city walls constraining it because of the absence of external threats. What is pergamum called today? [38 Answers Found] [87][88] Where the lay of the land prevented the laying of a street, small alleys were installed as connections instead. Pergamum - Encyclopedia of The Bible - Bible Gateway In AD 663/4, Pergamon was captured by raiding Arabs for the first time. The last of the Attalid Dynasty, Attalus III (r. 138-133 BCE) died without an heir and bequeathed Pergamon to Rome. [19][20] Under Isaac II Angelos (r.11851195), the local see was promoted to a metropolitan bishopric, having previously been a suffragan diocese of the Metropolis of Ephesus.[20]. In the reign of Attalos I, a Temple of Zeus was built there. In the east part of the terrace there was a small prostyle temple in the Corinthian order. 1. Philetarus ruled Pergamum as an independent ruler. Get time period newsletters, special offers and weekly programme release emails. Despite this increase of his domain, Eumenes did not take a royal title. It was the educational center of Western Asia. Pergamum: Pergamum today is located in modern day Turkey, in Aeolis . Elizabeth Kosmetatou, "The Attalids of Pergamon" in Andrew Erskine, E.J. Geocoding Copyright 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Pergamum ~ The Compromising Church - Leah Adams The archaeological reports from Pergamon are published in German as Altertmer von Pergamon (de Gruyter, Berlin). In Roman times its population was an estimated 200,000. A consequence of the city's growth was the construction of new buildings over old ones, since there was not sufficient space. What Is Pergamum Called Now. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. History Hit brings you the stories that shaped the world through our award winning podcast network and an online history channel. . [20] When Emperor Theodore II Laskaris (r.12541285) visited Pergamon in 1250, he was shown the house of Galen, but he saw that the theatre had been destroyed and, except for the walls which he paid some attention to, only the vaults over the Selinus seemed noteworthy to him. In 88 BC, Mithridates VI Eupator made Pergamon his headquarters in his first war against Rome, in which he was defeated. Pergamon still remained a famous city, and was the seat of a conventus (regional assembly). The base of the altar measured around 36 x 33 metres and was decorated on the outside with a detailed depiction in high relief of the Gigantomachy, the battle between the Olympian gods and the Giants. It was a very small city, but a busy commercial center. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? Circa 357-352 BC. An ambitious building programme was carried out: massive temples, a stadium, a theatre, a huge forum and an amphitheatre were constructed. Theatre specifications and virtual reality tour of theatre, "The Seductive Elegance and Startling Cruelty of Greece's Baroque Age: Power, Pathos and Prestige in Pergamon and Other Hellenistic Kingdoms", Chelae on the Asian coast of the Bosphorus, Chelae on the European coast of the Bosphorus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pergamon&oldid=1163768486, Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey, Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region, Buildings and structures in zmir Province, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles with Ancient Greek-language sources (grc), Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, Pergamon and its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape. On the lower level there were rooms only on the south and east sides because of the slope of the land, which led through a colonnade to the exterior of the space. Today you can buy a carpet where once upon a time multitudes came to be cured of their ills. It was on a high hill near the Caicus River, and its walls were very strong. This was however an erroneous reconstruction by the English translators, and does not appear in the Greek text, which uses either the original (Rev 1:11) or the dative case (Rev 2:12). With the expansion of the Anatolian beyliks, Pergamon was absorbed into the beylik of Karasids shortly after 1300, and then conquered by the Ottoman beylik. It was a north-facing Doric peripteros temple with six columns on the short side and ten on the long side and a cella divided into two rooms. This was challenged by Aristonicus, who claimed to be Attalus III's brother and led an armed uprising against the Romans with the help of Blossius, a famous Stoic philosopher. There are a couple of significant bits of trivia about Pergamos. A 20-metre-wide (66ft) staircase cut into the base on the western side leads up to the upper structure, which is surrounded by a colonnade, and consists of a colonnaded courtyard, separated from the staircase by a colonnade. Acts 14:25 When they had spoken the word in Perga, they went down to Attalia. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The kings after Attalus I collected many works of art from Greece to adorn the citys temples and courtyards, supplementing the many works of sculpture, painting, and decoration commissioned from resident artists. Pergamum dwelt where the throne of Satan existed, but those churches had resisted Satan. The temple itself was a Corinthian peripteros temple, about 18 metres wide with six columns on the short sides and nine columns on the long sides, and two rows of columns in antis. Since 2006, the excavations have been led by Felix Pirson.[42]. What Are The 3 Types Of DNA The Seat of Satan: Nazi Germany - Christian Broadcasting Network Roughly 800 initiates could fit in these seats.[66]. There was a large throne-like altar built on a cliff that overlooked the city. The Altar of Pergamon referred to as the Throne of Satan in a brief narrative in the Revelation section of the Book of St. John, is a very impressive structure. The city was the first in the province to receive a second neocorate, from Trajan in AD 113/4. This is matched by the shape of the triglyphs, which usually consist of a sequence of two triglyphs and two metopes, but are instead composed of three of triglyphs and three metopes. What Does Smyrna Mean In Hebrew | AskMeeh Others had wide columned halls in front of main rooms to the north. Beginning in Verse 18 of Chapter 2, the Lord addresses the angel of the church. In short what happened in Pergamon? It had formal autonomy under the Attalids, who, however, interfered in most aspects of civic government. This accounts for the presence of Roman artwork and temples. Jesus also gave John specific messages for each of the churches. Attacks in 1109 and 1113 largely destroyed the city, which was only rebuilt, by Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (r.11431180), around 1170. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Pergamon, Mysia, circa 450 BC. The interior walls of this colonnade had a further frieze, depicting the life of Telephus, the son of Heracles and mythical founder of Pergamon. This eminence formed Pergamum's first acropolis. [71] Through a series of successions, Pergamum fell under the rule of Attalus I and then his son Eumenes II. How Pergamum came to be: The Attalid name holds the most amount of power for this city. This sanctuary grew in fame and was considered one of the most famous healing centers of the Roman world. Other notable structures still in existence on the upper part of the Acropolis include: The site is today easily accessible by the Bergama Acropolis Gondola from the base station in northeastern Bergama. The Second World War also caused a break in work at Pergamon, which lasted until 1957. The rest of the structure was of Hellenistic date, built in local marble and had a marble frieze decorated with bucrania. It was on a major road of the Roman Empire, and, because of this, many trade unions had settled in this city. The side facing the Cetius river is a sharp cliff, while the side facing the Selinus is a little rough. Remains of Pergamum Where is Pergamum. While I consulted sources for this place, there were no major disputes about its modern location. He or his successor Attalos I built a wall around the whole upper city, including the plateau to the south, the upper agora and some of the housing further housing must have been found outside these walls. Pergamum | The amazing name Pergamum: meaning and etymology In this place people with health problems could bathe in the water of the sacred spring, and in the patients' dreams Asclepius would appear in a vision to tell them how to cure their illness. Additional theatres were built in the Roman period, one in the Roman new city and the other in the sanctuary of Asclepius.[49][50]. [73], From the beginning of the reign of Philetairos, civic events in Pergamon were concentrated on the Acropolis. Pergamos: The Church at Satan's Throne - Grace to You Ancient Greek and Roman city in modern-day Turkey and UNESCO World Heritage Site, Toggle Infrastructure and housing subsection. There was a large throne-like altar built on a cliff that overlooked the city. ancient name of Bergama. From 1957 to 1968, Erich Boehringer worked on the Asklepieion in particular, but also carried out important work on the lower city as a whole and performed survey work, which increased knowledge of the countryside surrounding the city. The victorious Romans deprived Pergamon of all its benefits and of its status as a free city. Jesus told the apostle John, "Write on a scroll what you see and send it to the seven churches: to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea" ( Revelation 1:11 ). [61] The middle terrace was around 250 metres long and 70 metres wide at the centre. Ruins of the temple of Trajan at Pergamos. The ancient acropolis of Pergamon lies in the north-western coastal region of Asia Minor. It is located 26 kilometres (16mi) from the modern coastline of the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern-day Bakray) and northwest of the modern city of Bergama, Turkey. The Pergamon Museum (German: Pergamonmuseum; pronounced [p.a.mn.muze.m] ()) is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin, Germany.It was built from 1910 to 1930 by order of Emperor Wilhelm II according to plans by Alfred Messel and Ludwig Hoffmann in Stripped Classicism style. Hitler's "Final Solution" is now known as the Holocaust, a word that comes from a Greek word meaning "a wholly burnt animal sacrifice." In AD 92, the faithful martyr Antipas died, a "wholly burnt sacrifice" on the altar of Zeus in Pergamum, the place the Book of Revelation calls "the Throne of Satan." Centuries later in Nuremberg, in the center . Eumenes II supported Rome again in the Third Macedonian War, but the Romans heard rumours of his conducting secret negotiations with their opponent Perseus of Macedon. The columns were around 5.25 metres high, 0.75 metres in diameter, and the distance between the columns was 1.62 metres, so the colonnade was very light for a temple of this period. Contact me: openbibleinfo (at) gmail.com. During the excavations fragments of statues of Trajan and Hadrian were found in the rubble of the cella, including their portrait heads, as well as fragments of the cult statue of Zeus Philios. As a result, the area has a strongly inland character. Pergamum: The Compromising Church - Revelation 2:12-17 - A Clay Jar [28] These mythic connections seem to be late and are not attested before the 3rd century BC. Seleucid Empire - Wikipedia [2] Pergamon was the northernmost of the seven churches of Asia cited in the New Testament Book of Revelation.[3]. Labs At the beginning of the 19th century, Charles Robert Cockerell produced a detailed account and Otto Magnus von Stackelberg made important sketches. What did it mean? After the Sack of Constantinople in 1204 during the Fourth Crusade, Pergamon became part of the Empire of Nicaea. Initially they ruled Pergamum as vassals of the Seleucid kingdom, but Eumenes I declared himself independent of Antiochus I (263 bce). Telephus refuses to participate in the Trojan War, but his son Eurypylus fights on the side of the Trojans. 3. Pergamum existed at least from the 5th century bce, but it became important only in the Hellenistic Age (32330 bce), when it served as the residence of the Attalid dynasty. With the approval of the Ottoman Empire, the reliefs discovered there were transported to Berlin, where the Pergamon Museum was opened for them in 1907. What experience do you need to become a teacher? [20] 7th-century sources attest an Armenian community in Pergamon, probably formed of refugees from the Muslim conquests; this community produced the emperor Philippicus (r. [70] [10] Only with Alexander the Great were Pergamon and the surrounding area removed from Persian control. Where is biblical Pergamum today? 1 modern identification - OpenBible.info The majority of the surviving structure derives from a reconstruction of the temple which probably took place under Caracalla, or perhaps under Hadrian.[55]. According to Christian tradition, in the year 92 Saint Antipas, the first bishop of Pergamum ordained by John the Apostle, was a victim of an early clash between Serapis worshippers and Christians. Especially in this latter type there is often a second story accessed by stairways. The Ancient Theatre Archive. For the construction under Eumenes II, a city block of 35 x 45 m can be reconstructed, subject to significant variation as a result of the terrain. Pergamus' role remained subordinate, although he did receive some cult worship. In their constructive adaptation of the myth, the Attalids stood within the tradition of the other, older Hellenistic dynasties, who legitimized themselves through divine descent, and sought to increase their own prestige. After 188BC a massive new city wall was constructed, 4 kilometres (2.5mi) long and enclosing an area of approximately 90 hectares (220 acres). This frieze is around 1.60 metres high and thus is clearly smaller than the outer frieze. The Attalids became some of the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world. What happened Pergamum? There Homer, one of the earliest poets, and Herodotus, "the father of history," studied and wrote, because of the great library, which it according to Plutarch contained 200,000 volumes. The great altar dedicated to the chief Greek savior-god, Zeus Olympus, was located in Pergamum, along with an altar to Athena, patron goddess of Athens. Searching for his mother, Telephus visits Mysia on the advice of an oracle. Despite this etymology, parchment had been used in Asia Minor long before the rise of the city; the story that it was invented by the Pergamenes, to circumvent the Ptolemies' monopoly on papyrus production, is not true. The Church in Pergamos (Revelation 2:12-17) The Altar of Zeus at Pergamon The greatest example of Hellenistic Greek sculpture, the colossal Altar of Zeus at Pergamon, near Izmir (Turkey), is a monumental work of Greek art built by King Eumenes II of the Attalid dynasty, from about 166 to 156 BCE. Discover incredible Roman temples you can still visit today, from Baalbek to the Pantheon and more, includes an interactive map of surviving temples from ancient rome. Turkey: A Place Called Pergamum - medicaleconomics.com We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. It's mentioned twice in the Bible, both times in Revelation, as the northernmost city of the seven to which the Apocalypse was addressed . Pergamum (BiblePlaces.com) Featuring sites such as the legendary Troy to the spectacular remains of Side, explore the ancient world in our guide to the best Greek ruins in Turkey. Acts 13:14 But they, passing on from Perga, came to Antioch of Pisidia. This expansion was accomplished as the result of Eumenes IIs alliance with Rome in its conflict with the Seleucid Antiochus III. The city is centered on a 335-metre-high (1,099ft) mesa of andesite, which formed its acropolis. Pergamon was an ancient city located in the Anatolia region, approximately 25 kilometres from the Aegean Sea in present-day Bergama, Izmir Province of Turkey. It functioned as a communicating vessel, such that the water rose to the height of the citadel on its own as a result of the pressurised pipe.[90]. In acknowledgement of this he accepted the crown. Many remains of its monuments can still be seen and especially the masterpiece of the Pergamon Altar. Julius Caesar himself once visited the city. The temple towers flanking the main building had courtyards with pools used for ablutions at each end, flanked by stoas on three sides. [4], The Caicus valley is mostly composed of volcanic rock, particularly andesite and the Pergamon massif is also an intrusive stock of andesite. During the Roman period the city was the first capital of the Asian province, but it eventually lost this status to local rival, Ephesus. Ruins of Pergamum, present-day Bergama, Turkey. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This terrace had no space for the circular orchestra, which was normal in a Greek theatre, so only a wooden stage building was built which could be taken down when there was no performance taking place. [25] Pergamon thus entered the Trojan epic cycle, with its ruler said to have been an Arcadian who had fought with Telephus against Agamemnon when he landed at the Caicus, mistook it for Troy and began to ravage the land. A part of the altar and its surviving reliefs, restored and mounted, now stands in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. Legend says that Pergamos was built by a son of Hercules. In 1871, he organised a small expedition there under the leadership of Ernst Curtius. Parts of the temple of Athena, as well as the walls and foundations of the altar in the sanctuary of Demeter, go back to the fourth century. On Dionysus Kathegemon, see Erwin Ohlemutz: Klaus Rheidt, "Die Obere Agora. The main rooms are often stacked in two levels on the north side of the courtyard. The inhabitants of Pergamon were supplied with water by an effective system. [84] The surface of the street consisted of andesite blocks up to 5 metres wide, 1 metre long and 30cm deep. The original Attalid territory around Pergamum (Mysia) was greatly expanded by 188 bce with the addition of Lydia (excluding most Greek coastal cities), part of Phrygia, Lycaonia, and Pisidia (from 183 bce), all former Seleucid territories. [77] After these renovations, the Upper Agora thus served as a centre for trade and spectacle in the city. 711713). The nearly 200 metre wide Pergamon Bridge under the forecourt of the Red Basilica in the centre of Bergama is the largest bridge substruction from antiquity.[89]. Beginning with Ciriaco de' Pizzicolli in the 15th century, ever more travellers visited the place and published their accounts of it. The question of what Pergamum means may arise as a result of this. Zur Entwicklung des hellenistischen Stadtzentrums von Pergamon. It was also the birthplace of Alexander the Great, and his father, Perdikkas, was from Pergamum. In particular, after the Battle of Sardis in 261 BC against Antiochus I, Eumenes was able to appropriate the area down to the coast and some way inland. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [5], Settlement of Pergamon can be detected as far back as the Archaic period, thanks to modest archaeological finds, especially fragments of pottery imported from the west, particularly eastern Greece and Corinth, which date to the late 8th century BC. The site is occupied by the modern town of Bergama, in the il (province) of zmir, Turkey. What is Pergamum called today? - NCERT POINT The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Places in the Bible Today: Pergamum Data 1 Identification Pergamon (modern): very high confidence Pergamon Verses (2) Rev 1:11, 2:12 Linked Data Identifiers Image Credit: Adam Jones (modified) About This page identifies the current consensus around the modern location of this biblical place. Ruins of Pergamum, present-day Bergama, Turkey. Apr 7, 2010 Eric Anderson, MD The modern-day city of Bergama has a population of about 50,000, but twenty centuries ago when it was called Pergamum or Pergamon, 150,000 people lived there.