Although her music is treated somewhat more broadly with less musical analysis, the entire treatise is used to model compositional techniques, implying a high regard for her work by Antonio Eximeno y Pujades, and presumably other contemporaries. This page was last edited on 26 March 2023, at 17:23. Later pictures show her in unadorned gauze dresses and bonnet type hats that denote more the look of shepherdess; in fact she was criticized for simplicity unbefitting a queen. The king, queen, their two children and Louis's sister Elisabeth were heavily guarded, in case of an attempted rescue by royalists. The bodies of Marie, Louis XVI and Madame Elisabeth (Louis' sister) were buried in a mass grave near the location of today's La Madeleine church. Decades later, in 1815, Louis XVIs younger brother exhumed Marie Antoinettes body and gave it a proper burial at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. As the wife of the future Ferdinand VII of Spain, then heir apparent to the Spanish throne, she held the title of Princess of Asturias. Marie Antoinettes remains were taken to a graveyard behind the Church of Madeleine about half a mile north, but the gravediggers were taking a lunch break. Only a certain lady could tie her petticoats, but a different one had to put them on her. As an alternative, she became a candidate for marriage to Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, the Duke of Savoy, but nothing came of these plans either. Princess Maria Antonia of Naples and Sicily - Wikipedia He also had a deep conversation with Louis XVI in which they discussed the couple's sexual problems. Marie Antoinette also formed a deep friendship with the beautiful aristocrat Gabrielle, Comtesse de Polignac. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Her only older sibling had already died by the time she was born. However, there is no evidence that this phrase was ever spoken by Marie Antoinette. Marie Antoinette (November 2, 1755 - October 16, 1793), the Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, was later titled, Marie Antoinette, Queen of France and Navarre, as the queen consort and wife of Louis XVI of France.She was the daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and Maria Theresa of Austria.She was married to Louis XVI at age 14 in a move to seal a favorable alliance between France . She was the second child of Emperor Leopold I (16401705) and his wife Margaret Theresa of Spain (16511673). Louis's attempt to regain his authority by declaring war on Austria in hopes that a quick defeat of France would cause the Austrians to restore the monarchy backfired. To the royal couple's consternation, their first years of marriage bore no children. Deutsch: Maria Antonia von sterreich ( * 2. Marie Antoinette's ally, the Baron de Breteuil, was made prime minister instead. The Assembly of Notables, as it was called, could find no solution to the government's financial crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966. Marie Antoinette was coming to suspect that the reformists in the Estates-General were secretly working to overthrow the monarchy. Joseph Ferdinand had tragically died the year before at the age of six, and eventually, the grandson of Maria Antonias half-aunt Maria Theresa inherited the Spanish throne as King Philip V of the house of Bourbon. As a result the republican government decided to imprison the eight-year-old child in solitary confinement. Marie Antoinette appointed the devout and disciplined Marquise de Tourzel as governess to the two surviving royal childrenPrincess Marie-Thrse and the new dauphin, Louis-Charles. Marie Antoinette threw herself into the spirit of the French court gambling, partying, and purchasing. Maria Antonia finally married Maximilian II, the Elector of Bavaria, on 15 July 1685 in Vienna. Marie Antoinette popularized the pouf, an aristocratic hairstyle where the hair was teased as high as possible, coated with powder, elaborately curled, and then adorned with various ornaments and feathers. Subscribe to our free weekly newsletter and stay up to date on History of Royal Women's articles! Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. Marie Antoinettes composure in court may have ingratiated her with the audience, but it didnt save her from death: In the early hours of October 16, 1793, she was found guilty of high treason, depletion of the national treasury, and conspiracy against the security of the state. (In reality, historians believe he made up the story after his jailer caught him masturbating.). Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria, by Martin van Meytens the Younger, 1767, via the Smithsonian Institute As far as childhoods go, it is fair to say that from all accounts Marie Antoinette's was idyllic. Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese; 9 May 1892 - 14 March 1989) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria.As such, she was the last Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary, and Queen of Bohemia.. Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of . As historian Antonia Fraser put it, Marie Antoinette was deliberately targeted in order to bind the French together in a kind of blood bond.. She was the fifteenth child, and eleventh (and last) daughter, of Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Maria Sibylla Merian was born in Frankfurt into a family with a distinguished histor, Mara de Molina (mr d mln), d. 1321, queen of Castile, consort of Sancho IV. . Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Marie Antoinette Facts for Kids She was the second child of Emperor Leopold I (16401705) and his wife Margaret Theresa of Spain (16511673). Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Wikimedia CommonsMarie Antoinette being taken to her death, by William Hamilton. After learning about Marie Antoinettes death, read about Giacomo Casanovas escape from an inescapable prison or the godfather of sadism: Marquis de Sade. Marie Antoinette - World History Encyclopedia She stepped down from the cart and stared up at the guillotine. A large crowd gathered in the palace's courtyard and demanded that the queen come to the balcony. She was the mother of "the lost Dauphin" (Louis XVII), named so because of rumors regarding his uncertain demise during the infamous Reign of Terror during the French Revolution. Life dates 1669-1692. Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella of Austria[1] (18 January 1669 24 December 1692) was an Electress of Bavaria as the wife of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. As regent (12951301) for her son, Ferdinand IV, she defended h, Ave Maria (Hail Mary). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. She then bowed her head and returned inside. Two of her sons also survived to adulthood: Joseph I and Peter III, both of whom ruled. She died of postpartum infections after childbirth. The royals were forced to return with the mob to Paris. The plan failed when guards intercepted Marie Antoinette's reply, which she had pin-pricked into a piece of paper. half brother Julie d'Aubigny father's partner Teresa Kunegunda Karolina Sobies. The first charge alone would have been enough to send her to the guillotine. Wien, sterreich (Austria) Death: June 18, 1804 (58) . Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The court then accompanied the young couple to their marriage bed, which had been blessed by the archbishop of Reims. Maximilian married her in the hope of succeeding to the Spanish throne by her rights. Charles-Henri Sanson, Marie Antoinettes executioner. People Projects Discussions Surnames The most thorough biography of Marie Antoinette has been written by British historian Lady Antonia Fraser. Marie-Antoinette | Biography, Death, Cake, French Revolution, & Facts Maria Antonia of Austria - Wikipedia As an alternative, she became a candidate for marriage to Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, the Duke of Savoy, but nothing came of these plans either. She was then taken from her daughter and sister-in-law and transferred across Paris to the Conciergerie Prison. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. As the niece of Charles II of Spain, Maria Antonia was of great relevance in connection with the succession to the Spanish throne, which was a major political issue in late 17th-century Europe. She left Dresden during the Seven Years' War and took refuge in Prague and Munich, but returned at her husbands accession to the throne in 1763. According to her daughter, "She no longer had any hope left in her heart or distinguished between life and death."[14]. Since Her Majesty no longer has her Guard of Honour, she is a prisoner." She tearfully left Vienna to her mother's parting words, "Farewell, my dearest. Maria Antonia of Austria - The bewitched King's heir He married Margaret Theresa of Spain (1651-1673) 1666 . The chteau was renovated for her and the costs soon spiraled out of control, especially when the gardens were redesigned to suit the queen's new tastes. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Maria Antonia was buried in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, where her sarcophagus reads that she was "a princess highly famous for her birth, her marriage, her womb and death." 4 Upon the death of King Charles II without heirs, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. She hoped that the king would give orders for them to move to their chteau at Saint-Cloud. When Louis XVI heard it, he asked, "This is a revolt?" Fortunately, one of the king's courtiers, the young Duc de Fronsac, was in the city at the time and ran on foot through the woods to the palace to warn Marie Antoinette of the angry mob's furor. Lettre de Marie-Antoinette Madame lisabeth. When he met the queen, he bluntly told her, "Your Majesty is a prisoner. Wikimedia Commons Marie Antoinette faced a revolutionary tribunal in the days preceding her death. While in Munich, Maria Antonia studied music with renowned opera composers Giovanni Battista Ferrandini and Giovanni Porta. Formerly the seat of power for the French monarchy in the Middle Ages, the imposing Gothic palace lorded over the le de la Cit in the center of Paris as a part administrative center, part prison during the reign of the Bourbons (her husbands dynasty). Marie Antoinette of Austria | Marie Antoinette Wiki | Fandom On the birth of her son, the next in line to the throne, she described the moment as "the happiest and most important event for me." Additionally, she was on favorable terms with her husband's youngest brother Charles, the Comte d'Artois. Following the latter's death in 1763, she became the Regent of Saxony for their son Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. On August 15, 1785, Assumption Day, when the whole court was awaiting the king and queen in order to go to the chapel, the Cardinal de Rohan was arrested as an accomplice in the scandal; the Comtesse de la Motte was found and subsequently arrested three days later, on August 18, 1785. Marriage to Marie-Antoinette | History of Western Civilization II Though the man in the black mask was an early supporter of the Guillotine machine, he probably never dreamed hed have to employ it on his former employer, the queen of France. The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. For example, she was assisted out of bed each morning and dressed by her various ladies-in-waiting. Category:Marie Antoinette of Austria - Wikimedia Commons Despite the fact that the country had desired a boyan heir to the throneMarie Antoinette was delighted with a girl. Livermore, H.V. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Maria Antonia of Austria was born on 18 January 1669 as the second child but eventually the only surviving child of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and his wife and niece Margaret Theresa of Spain. This page was last edited on 26 March 2023, at 17:23. Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire (1640-1705) - Familypedia The court of Munich celebrated her birth with a performance of the opera Amadis de Grecia by Pietro Torri. The royal family was imprisoned in the Temple and on Sept. 21, 1792, the National Assembly officially declared France a republic. Birth of John V (1689); War of the Spanish Succession (170114); construction of palace complex at Mafra began (1717). She was devoted to her children and was very involved in their care. Her spending habits caused quite a stir as France was on the verge of bankruptcy. The cardinal paid the two million livres to her (as middleman) and the Comtesse collected the necklace from the jewelers (who were under the impression that she was acting on behalf of the queen and that payment would be forthcoming). Marie Antoinette replied that she had no knowledge of the charges, and the prosecutor moved on. His biography was later made into a hugely successful movie starring Norma Shearer. Catherine the Great wrote to Marie Antoinette from Russia, telling her that the royals should ignore the complaints of their people "as the moon goes on its course without being stopped by the cries of dogs." When the time came to pay, the jewelers complained to the queen, who told them that she had received no necklace and had never ordered it. A lady-in-waiting and close friend even recalled: She was so happy at doing good and hated to miss any opportunity of doing so.. Maria Antonia was nine years old when her first surviving brother was born. Maria Carolina (1752-1814) | Encyclopedia.com They were returned to the Tuileries Palace. Kendall W. Brown , Professor of History, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Category : Death of Marie Antoinette of Austria - Wikimedia The queen spent the next few hours huddled against her husband, clutching their son. The king seems to understand this truth; as for myself, I know that in my whole life (even if I live for a hundred years) I shall never forget the day of the coronation."[7]. Marie Antoinette was transported by carriage to the royal palace at Versailles, where she met her future grandfather-in-law, Louis XV, and other members of the royal family. Baptized Maria Antoina Walpurgis Symphorosa, she was born at Nymphenburg Palace in Munich to Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria and Elector Karl Albert of Bavaria. ." She was only 18 and was frustrated by her and her husbands polar opposite personalities. In addition to the title character, two other prominent characters are women: Antiope, her advisor who also falls in love with a Scythian man, Learchus; and Tomiris, the high priestess of Diana, who isas revealed near the end of the operathe mother of Orontes. It is a revolution!"[11]. Based on Vidal's painstaking research, this novel depicts pre-revolution life at Versailles. Learn how your comment data is processed. Parisians stormed the Bastille prison, freeing political prisoners from the symbol of Ancien Rgime power. Since Marie Antoinette felt it was beneath herself to associate with such a woman, du Barry set out to make her life as unpleasant as possible. Marie Antoinette: Biography, French Queen, Royalty lisabeth, like her exiled brother the Comte d'Artois, was so horrified with the turn of events that she believed a civil war was inevitable; in fact there were those who sought precisely that outcome as a means of resolution to the crisis. Giacomo Casanovas escape from an inescapable prison. All that remained of her, besides her bones and some of her white hair, were two garters in mint condition. To strengthen an alliance with Portugal during the War of the Spanish Succession, Maria Antonia married John V, king of Portugal, on July 9, 1708, by proxy in Vienna. Maria Antnia da ustria - Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre Maria Amalia d'Asburgo, duchessa di Parma - Geni.com Joseph Ferdinand's death before that of Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, helped to trigger the War of the Spanish Succession. They were married four years later, on 15 July 1685. They went for a long walk on the grounds of Le Petit Trianon, during which Joseph criticized her for her gambling and parties. The large collection of gems was valued at approximately two million livres. They were not close at first, and at first it was difficult for them . Her reign was a period of prosperity, largely due to the Brazilian gold-and-diamond boom. She was born in the town of Vallmoll, Catalonia. Marie Antoinette's sisters were quickly married off to the heads of European royal housesMaria Christina to the regent of the Austrian Netherlands; Maria Amalia to the prince of Parma; and her favorite sister, Maria Carolina, to King Ferdinand of Naples. Leopold Ferdinand of Bavaria (22 May 1689) died at birth. The inscription above the door reads (in translation): King Louis XVIII raised this monument to consecrate the place where the mortal remains of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie-Antoinette, transferred on 21 January 1815 to the royal tomb of Saint-Denis, reposed for 21 years. This is the context in which Marie Antoinette is said to have joked, "If they have no bread, then let them eat cake!" They came to the decision to flee to Montmdy, a royalist stronghold in the east of France. Louis XVI was persuaded by Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais to support the American revolutionaries in their fight for independence from Britain. Regency She left Dresden during the Seven Years' War and took refuge in Prague and Munich, but returned at her husband's accession to the throne in 1763. Under the influence of d'Artois, Marie Antoinette began visiting the Paris Opra balls in disguise. Marie Antoinette's life provided inspiration for the novel Trianon (first published in 1997) by author and historian, Elena Maria Vidal. However, the royal family was preoccupied with other problems. A large and expensive necklace with a dark history was a PR disaster for the French monarchy. Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella. Anton of Bavaria (19 November 1690) died at birth. Maria Antonia (1755 - 1793), commonly known as Marie Antoinette, was born in Vienna as the youngest daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg Empire, and her husband Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. Legend has it that a frightened Marie Antoinette charmed the mostly-female mob from her balcony, bowing to them from above. Marie Antoinette - Wikipedia A fleet of 11 ships carried her to her new homeland. Maria Antonia had the highest coefficient of inbreeding in the House of Habsburg, 0.3053:[2] her father was her mother's maternal uncle and paternal first cousin once removed, and her maternal grandparents were also uncle and niece. November 2, 1755 Vienna Austria Died: October 16, 1793 (aged 37) Paris France Notable Family Members: spouse Louis XVI father Francis I mother Maria Theresa son Louis XVII brother Leopold II brother Joseph II sister Maria Carolina . She was still only 23 years old. She was forced into a tumbrel and paraded through the streets of Paris for over an hour before reaching the Place de la Rvolution where the guillotine stood. She was married at 14. In 1742, John became very ill. Maria Antonia intermittently governed as regent until his death, despite the fact that her son, Joseph, was already an adult. Her coefficient was higher than that of a child born to a parent and offspring, or brother and sister.[2]. She was then attired in French clothing and taken to Strasbourg for a Thanksgiving Mass in her honor. Marie Antoinette never fully recovered from her husband's death. Her father, a farmer, died before she was born and her mother had fled to escape the invading French army led by Napoleon. However, the marriage was not consummated and would not be for several years. At 2 A.M. on August 2, 1793, Marie Antoinette was awakened by guards and told to get dressed. In 1933, Stefan Zweig wrote a biography, Marie Antoinette: The Portrait of an Ordinary Woman, in which he argued that the queen achieved greatness during the final years of her life thanks to her extraordinary courage. However, not marrying her to Charles meant that someone else would marry her like a French candidate. The final palace of Marie Antoinette before her death was the Conciergerie prison in Paris. the 15th child of Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa of Austria (l. 1717-1780) and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (l. 1708-1765), Marie Antoinette (l. 1755-1793) was the queen of France during the turbulent final years of the Ancien Rgime and the subsequent . Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria (1669-1692).png 1,038 1,475; 2.81 MB. Taking the Duc de Fronsac's advice, the three ladies ran to the king's bedchamber. The mob invaded the prisons and massacred anyone suspected of royalist leanings. ." She was only 37 years old, but her hair had already turned white, and her skin was just as pale. To strengthen an alliance with Portugal during the War of the Spanish Succession, Maria Antonia married John V, king of Portugal, on July 9, 1708, by proxy in Vienna. Maria Antonia eventually gave birth to Maria Barbara of Braganza in 1711, in celebration of which John V built the great basilica of Mafra. Rumors began to circulate that Louis-Auguste might be impotent because Marie Antoinette did not conceive until seven years into her marriage. However, her ladies-in-waiting begged her to think of her children and she reluctantly agreed to accompany the king and his entourage when they fled the palace for the National Assembly. The Marquis de la Fayette, a liberal aristocrat who had embraced many American ideas when he fought for George Washington, was placed in charge of the royal family's security. Marie Antoinette was a leading fashion icon and trendsetter of her time. That same year she became a member of the Accademia dellArcadia of Rome, a significant institution in operatic reform. Maria Antonia of Austria Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2 Her siblings included an older sister Maria Carolina of Austria, a younger brother Maximilian, and three older brothers Joseph, Leopold and Ferdinand Karl, all of whom had already begun to exert their influence over the Hapsburg Empire. My tastes are not the same as the Kings, who is only interested in hunting and his metal-working, she wrote to a friend in 1775. After the imprisonment of the royal family, Paris erupted into violence. He died ten weeks later, and their son Frederick Augustus succeeded him. In January 1793, King Louis XVI was sentenced to death for conspiring against the state. She was also criticized when she began to spend more time at Le Petit Trianon, a small chteau on the palace grounds. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor was born 9 June 1640 in Vienna, Austria to Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1608-1657) and Maria Anna Margarita of Spain (1606-1646) and died 5 May 1705 Vienna, Austria of unspecified causes. Louis-Auguste and Marie Antoinette's life changed suddenly on the afternoon of May 10, 1774, when King Louis XV died of smallpox. Rainhas de Portugal; estudos histricos com muitos documentos. Collections Online | British Museum Fonseca Benevides, Francisco da. Louis flung himself into his mother's arms crying hysterically, and Marie Antoinette shielded him with her body, refusing to give him up. However, by then it had become clear to the people of France that the king and the entire royal family were "enemies" of the revolution. Political events then began to unfold that also had dire consequences for their family. "[8] It was obvious from the outset that Marie Antoinette enjoyed little political influence with her husband. Falling from the Olympus-on-earth of Versailles to the humble cell of the Conciergerie and ultimately the executioners scaffold on October 16, 1793, the final days of the last real Queen of France were full of humiliation, degradation, and blood. From the beginning of the revolution, Marie Antoinette and Louis had hopes for a compromise: in other words, a constitution that would include the monarchy. The king refused insisting that it was his duty to stay.