A way of explaining behaviour in a way that is observable in terms of learning. Another famous example of psychosexual conflict is the Oedipus complex, which occurs at the phallic stage. These internal mental processes cannot be observed directly, but we can infer what a person is thinking based on how they act. The assessment object requires students to show knowledge and understanding of psychological theories, terminology, concepts, studies, and methods. Learning through association. There are multiple different ways to approach the study of psychology. At this young age, parents would guide their understanding of the situation and moderate their behavior. Behaviorism has experimental support: Pavlov showed that classical conditioning leads to learning by association. 806 8067 22 We form schema blueprints and use them to interpret the past, categorise information in the present, and form expectations/predictions for the future. There is some evidence that psychoanalysis can successfully treat mild neuroses (though not serious mental disorders like. For example, a biological approach might explain depression as a chemical imbalance, a cognitive approach might explain it in terms of maladaptive thought processes, and learning approaches might explain it as a result of negative life experiences. This topic also covers research methods. All people have an innate tendency towards growth and the fulfillment of their potential; they have the desire to become everything that they are capable of self-actualization. So, if a disorder is entirely determined by genetics, then identical twins would both develop the disorder because they share identical genes. Watson believed that psychology should restrict itself to only studying phenomena as it can be observed and measured. The biological approach uses very scientific methods such as scans and biochemistry. There are 3 types of consequences for behaviour: An example of operant conditioning is found in the research of Skinner (1948)and Skinner (1953). The study of memory has led to the development of cognitive interviews, which has decreased the inaccuracy of eyewitness memory; this should lead to a decrease in wrongful convictions. This was not the case in the studies, as the children were on their own. Behaviorists take the view that all behavior, no matter how complex, can be broken down into the fundamental processes of conditioning. Flashcards. Psychology A-level: Approaches Flashcards | Quizlet Objectivity. But this schema would include cats, too. Group 1 imitated specific aggressive acts that were displayed by the model. When you input a URL in your browser, it gets processed (through multiple computers) until the browser displays the output of the website you entered. According to Rogers, self-actualisation also involves unconditional positive regard and congruence between how a person sees themself and their ideal version of themself. Psychology A-level: Approaches Flashcards | Quizlet This topic test draws 10 MCQs each time concerning Approaches in Psychology. Furthermore, the children were in an unfamiliar environment; they might have thought that they were expected to behave like the model (demand characteristics). If forceful feeding, deprivation, or early weaning occur, then fixation could lead to oral activities (e.g., smoking), dependency, and aggression. The behaviourist approach to psychology explains behaviour as a result of learning from experience, such as via classical and operant conditioning. Vicarious reinforcement is demonstrated in Bandura and Walters (1963), which was another variation of the Bobo the doll where the model was either praised or punished for acting aggressively towards the doll. The approach uses non-scientific research methods. Psychoanalysts use psychoanalysis to identify and interpret these unconscious thoughts and their meanings, which then serve as a basis for treating psychological disorders. Focus on observable behavior (behavior that can be seen). The mind consists of multiple parts: The conscious mind, the pre-conscious mind, and. The reason for this is that the identical twins have 100% identical genetics whereas non-identical twins only share 50% of their genes. Pavlov showed how dogs could be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time as they were given food. PAPER 2 - Approaches in Psychology. The main assumption of the biological approach is that our thinking and behavior are strongly determined by biological factors: structure and functioning of the nervous system. 03-4130-30180-03. Example question: Outline and evaluate social learning theory. A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (AQA) - Online Flashcards by Anna Webster - Brainscape It is deduced from drug trials where patients are given the drugs and seen to improve, so we deduce that it was the lack of the neurotransmitters which caused the disorder, but this might not be the case. According to Freud, there are three levels of consciousness, arranged vertically in a hierarchy: A lot of significant psychological activity happens below the level of what is consciously available. Many of the experiments carried out were done on animals; we are different cognitively and physiologically. The main assumption of the cognitive approach is that information received from our senses is processed by the brain and that this processing directs how we behave. Instead, there are various cognitive processes in between that determine whether someone imitates a behaviour or not. We are the sum total of our previous conditioning. The aim of another study, Bandura et al (1961), was to see if this behavioural imitation continued even when the role model was no longer present. They include: According to Freud, normal development in childhood involves passing through five psychosexual stages. An example of this is the genetic explanation of OCD from elsewhere in the course. Resources to help your study and revise for A-level Psychology. The bell had become the conditioned stimulus, and salivation had become the conditioned response. Dual coding. Social learning theory is supported by research by Bandura et al. Examples of brain mapping: Braver et al. For Wundt, introspection was not about reporting whatever random thing the subject felt. However, it measures non-observable behaviors; therefore, it could be argued that it is not as scientific as the behaviorist approach. However, it does not take into account the genetic factors which seem to be involved in mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Revision guide for AQA Psychology AS and A-Level topics, including staightforward study notes and summaries of the relevant theories and studies, past papers, and mark schemes with example answers. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Evolutionary psychology is an approach that attempts to explain mental and psychological traits, i.e., as memory and perception, as adaptations that increase our chances of survival. Watson and Rayner showed that phobias could be learned through classical conditioning in the little Albert experiment. However, according to Maslow, people also have needs that must be met for self-actualization to be possible. This shows that imitation is more likely to occur when the model is positively reinforced, demonstrating the importance of vicarious reinforcement. It is the presence of germs. Learn More: How To Write AQA Psychology Essays for 16 Marker Questions. A Level Psychology Topic Quiz - Approaches - tutor2u He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology. The deterministic approach also has important implications for psychology as a science. Cognitive neuroscience is the study of the relationship between brain activity and mental processes. Fully updated for the 2021/22 academic year. This allows people with these mental disorders to live fairly normal lives. The central claim of the behaviourist approach is that almost all human behaviour is the result of learning. Using video modalities, we employ convolutional end-to-end learning to analyze gaze, head pose, and facial expressions, achieving promising . Test. However, the examples above illustrate how there is a strong genetic component to many psychological disorders. Schemas help us to interpret incoming information quickly and effectively; this prevents us from being overwhelmed by the vast amount of information we perceive in our environment. However, he proposed a different mechanism than conditioning. Just as physical characteristics such as eye colour and hair colour are determined by genetics inherited from parents, so too are certain behavioural tendencies. This is an example of positive reinforcement. It cannot explain the biological symptoms observed in some disorders, such as enlarged ventricles in schizophrenics. Furthermore, the imbalance in neurotransmitters is usually not directly observed. Animals and humans learn in the same ways, so behaviorists carry out experiments on animals and extrapolate the results to humans. What are the 5 factors that need to be looked at when deciding whether psychology is a science. Approaches- AQA Psychology UNDER 20 MINS! Quick Revision for - YouTube . See all Psychology resources See all Approaches resources Related discussions on The Student Room. He and his assistants used 'introspection' to try to investigate the nature of awareness and consciousness. This theory is used to explain the influence of the media on behavior. In psychology, a perspective refers to a particular theoretical framework or approach that involves certain assumptions about human behavior: the way they function, which aspects are worthy of study, and what research methods are appropriate for undertaking this study. However, these children came from disturbed families where they might have witnessed real-life violence and social deprivation. Another key concept is vicarious reinforcement, which is where a person is more likely to imitate a behaviour if they observe the model being rewarded for it. Humanistic psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers characterised self-actualisation in different ways: Maslows (1943) view of self-actualisation involves satisfying 5 levels in a hierarchy of needs. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved. For example, Freuds theories were among the first to explain how experiences in early childhood influence adult personality. Approaches in Psychology Origins of Psychology Wundt and introspection: Wilhelm Wundt opened the world's first psychology laboratory in 1879. One way in which the mind resolves these conflicts is via defence mechanisms. If the individual follows a strict diet avoiding this substance, his phenotype will be normal intelligence and behavior; however, if an individual eats a diet containing the substance, then it will accumulate in the brain, which will lead to a different phenotype: severe learning difficulties and behavioral problems. There was no difference in verbal aggression between boys and girls. Behaviorism is very much on the nurture side of the debate as it argues that our behavior is learned from the environment. The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context. According to Rogers, the core qualities of a good counselling therapist are: The aim of Rogers counselling psychology (also called person-centred therapy) is to increase congruence between the clients self-image and ideal self and increasing their feelings of self-worth. As the approach views the individual as unique, it does not believe that scientific measurements of their behavior are appropriate. Freewill vs Determinism in Psychology In reality, most psychological disorders are a combination of genetic and environmental factors. If toilet training is too harsh or too lax, then fixation could lead to obsessiveness, tidiness, meanness, or to untidiness and generosity. The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context. Bowlby argued that babies evolved to develop an attachment to one person usually its mother. Free AQA Psychology A Level Revision | Seneca So, over time, the child refines its schemas to become more detailed. Behaviorism From 1900 until 1913 psychoanalysis was the "hot" topic in psychology. It sees people as passive in their learning, with little conscious thoughts influencing their behavior; other approaches recognize the importance of mental events in the learning process. Psychoanalysis is rarely used now in its original form, but it is still used in a shorter version in some cases. Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes, done through the use of brain scanning techniques such as fMRI. it's the biological approacha from the approaches topic). Covers the basic assumptions of the behaviourist approach. Covers the outline of the cognitive approach. These include behavioural psychologists, cognitive psychologists, social learning theorists, biological psychologists, psychodynamic psychologists and humanistic psychologists. Resources to help your study and revise for A-level Psychology. The approach recognizes both the influence of nature and nurture, nurture- the influence of experiences on a persons ways of perceiving and understanding the world, and nature- the influence of biological drives and needs (Maslows hierarchy of needs). This theory had a major impact on social psychology, supporting the notion that . AS students only need to learn the basic assumptions of the first 3, and are not required to compare these approaches. It is a nomothetic approach as it focuses on establishing theories on information processing that apply to all people. It is also reductionist as it reduces our behavior to the outcome of the actions of genes and other biological processes, neglecting the effects of childhood and our social and cultural environment. Approaches exam questions Flashcards | Quizlet Practical applications: Therapies based on the cognitive approach (e.g. According to Freud, boys develop a sexual attraction towards their mother during this stage and a hatred of their father. having a home), followed by social (e.g. It is a nomothetic approach as it focuses on establishing laws and theories about the effects of physiological and biochemical processes that apply to all people. It is important to understand how assessment objectives are allocated to each type of question to maximize your chance of obtaining full marks. This is very easy to see in physics, chemistry, and biology. This approach can be used to explain mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, although these explanations are rarely used by mainstream psychology. Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. Evaluating scientific studies and theories, including in relation to issues, to: Apply knowledge and understanding of scientific ideas, processes, techniques, and procedures: This assessment objective tests knowledge of research design and data analysis and applying a theoretical understanding of psychology to real-life examples. The bobo doll experiment was repeated, but this time the three groups were exposed to an aggressive model and saw different consequences for the model: When left on their own to play, the children in group 1 showed the most aggression, followed by group 3. The individual is not seen as responsible for their disorders; however, as the conflicts which lead to the disorder are unconscious, there is nothing they can do about it without an analyst; they are disempowered. For example. It does not take into account biological factors such as the role of. PDF AQA A Level Psychology Topic Companion - Clyst Vale Ultimately, this helps the client to self-actualise and fulfil their potential. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times being put in the box. Free will is the philosophical view that humans are able to make choices for themselves without being controlled by the influences of biology or environment. Model answers. Imitation is more likely to occur if the model (the person who performs the behavior) is positively reinforced. Section A - Approaches in Psychology: Q4 [16 Marks] *It is important to note that the command term 'compare' included similarities and/or differences and therefore this essay will include both. (1996) found 46% concordance for depression in MZ twins compared with 20% in DZ twins. For example, controlling the environment where he conducted his introspection experiments would prevent this, Influential: Introspection and Wundts focus on the importance of inner mental processes can be seen to have influenced the, Unscientific: Despite Wundts attempts to study the mind, Advances in technology (particularly in the, The mind is a blank slate at birth and behaviour is learned from, The study of the mind should focus on external, The same processes that govern human behaviour also govern the behaviour of, Scientific: Behaviourism focuses on what is observable, measurable, and repeatable, which lends credibility to the study of psychology as a, Practical applications: Behaviourism has been successfully applied in several psychological contexts to produce desirable behavioural results. . Approaches - Psychology A Level Flashcards | Quizlet These questions will cover basic arithmetic, data, and graphs. The behaviorist approach and social learning are reductionist; they isolate parts of complex behaviors to study. Thus, the behaviourist approach was born and along with it - the emergence of psychology. For example, in real life, if you were a witness to a car crash, you would not be interviewed by a psychologist but by a policeman/woman, and you would know that there would be consequences to what you say, so you might be more careful about the way you answer the questions.