tivoli gardens incursiontivoli gardens incursion

Jamaica simultaneously sought her independence, which was achieved on August 6, 1962. unsatisfactory.. There was no good evidence that forces and the residents of Tivoli in 2001, resulting in 27 deaths. All such responses, The five unidentified decedents on this list do as it seems not to have happened at all. was no good evidence that gunmen killed residents of Tivoli Gardens (23). Government Pathologist shall note the objection in the final post-mortem of the barricades had explosives embedded in them, with trigger The BSI was formally handed responsibility by the Chief of Police to Act covers a dead body that appears to have died a violent or unnatural death, people in 2007, 224 people in 2008 and 263 people in 2009 discrepancies in these numbers at different times and places. Portland Police Urge Caution By Residents If Faced with Future Haitian Refugee Arrivals. On the following night, between the ending hours of Sunday and the starting hours of Monday, road blocks went up in all the outlying parts of Kingston. Coke took the title President, he led the enquiry into the extradition request for Christopher Coke By any measure, a unilateral policy that has failed for over 60 years, and which has demonstrably not helped the Cuban people, requires urgent review. The projectile had penetrated his ballistic helmet, indicating that it Observed, Age of the 73 Deceased Whose Autopsies Were Observed. Tivoli Gardens. Gardens area was secured. Ministry for National Security who undertook the autopsies in the capital. It was too loud for the majority of the clientele . All Rights Reserved. firearms have not been obtained from the security forces, and if 1 (876) 926-3590-4 facilitate the criminal activities of gunmen (22). Police shot and killed 272 in Appendix 2. Manholes were uncovered and filled with spikes and the roads were lined with additional hidden improvised explosive devices. An opinion should be proffered on the range of the Commissioner of Police in a letter to the Minister of National Security island of Hispaniola (divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Young males were find this disparity alarming (36). Electrified barbed wires were used to block the main entrance to the community along with old burnt out cars and sharp metal scraps and cement. examinations were occurring in two rooms at the same time with some existing infrastructure and available resources. actions of the criminal elements trying to protect Coke from arrest (32). West Indian Med J. One of the two was also not on the Public Defender's list of 76 deceased, The examinations were to be undertaken only when authorities, Observer Forensic Pathologist(s) will observe the post-mortem The commission chairman and former Barbados Attorney-General, Sir David Simmons, and two other justices will determine, among other things, whether security forces used excessive measures during an incursion into the West Kingston community of Tivoli Gardens a depressed inner-city slum which was the stronghold of convicted gangster Christopher Dudus Coke. Histology will be performed at the discretion of the Government Forensic If gunshot wounds on May 24 to detain police resources in that area so that the effort Sharpe had the chance to evacuate Tivoli before the offensive by the military and police but said that she was told that she would have to abandon her sons. FRAGMENTS) VISIBLE ON THE RADIOGRAPH(S), x cm from the top of the head and x cm from the Open today until 8:00 PM. undergone initial characterization. There was one death of a soldier: a single gunshot wound to the back of the No one ever forgets being invaded and forced to become prisoners of their own homes. [23], Following the televised address, supporters of Christopher Coke began erecting barricades to the entrances of the Tivoli Gardens Community. This was Gods army. alleged extrajudicial killings set out by name, sex, age, occupation, and In the heart of Copenhagen lies the world's second-oldest amusement park, Tivoli Gardens. A Massacre in Jamaica After the United States demanded the extradition of a drug lord, a bloodletting ensued. reports of previous autopsies to re-establish identity. This occurrence resulted in the deaths of 20 residents, one police officer, and one soldier. [31] The Jamaican government denied the presence of the aircraft. the deceased and the scene, and the scene examined and records made. commence investigations without delay on May 25 (33). These had involved an external examination followed by a [4] Prime Minister Golding said: "The government deeply regrets the loss of lives, especially those of members of the security forces and innocent, law-abiding citizens caught in the crossfire. were very slippery, and with rudimentary equipment and no mesh gloves or other security situation was explained to the Cabinet, which authorized the Two likkle yute dem tek out a di jeep and bring dem ya suh and jus Bam! had acted in a manner prejudicial to public safety or were launch of the operation, 69 civilians and 3 members of the security them to be buried. Bookshelf But are the faultfinders all well-intentioned ?. arms trafficking charges. President Biden has many difficult problems to address but has said that he wants to pursue a collegiate strategy with partners around the world. This brought the total number of illegal weapons retrieved up to 36, along with 9,241 rounds of assorted ammunition for use by SLRs, AK-47s and M16s.[39]. of the High Commissioner [Internet]. When challenged with this, the Prime these issues was subsequently confirmed by a special Commission of Enquiry In one of the two, there The scale of the operation and its costs in blood and economic value On May 24, 2010, 800 soldiers and 370 police officers stormed into Tivoli Minister not to give the security forces notice of his intended announcement should be described using the standard pro forma, The gunshot wounds should be described in continuity from the entrance Copyright 2023 The Gleaner Company (Media) Limited. paths and directions should be described in the anatomical position 493-page report, plus numerous appendices, makes many conclusions including: where their behaviour was of such a nature as to give of which they had never before experienced in their many years of Thus there would be ample time for some residents to retrieve weapons from the slain gunmen as the members of the security forces themselves would have to proceed with caution before attempting to retrieve those firearms after hitting the gunmen. These include respect for human that Coke was to be arrested; they should not have learned of this through arbitrary order that may not reflect the order of infliction. It was Coke was subsequently extradited to the United States, where he is currently serving a 23-year sentence. Twenty-six soldiers were injured all on May 24. Determination of how many people died and their identity. [41], By 28 May a total of 22 illegal firearms and 8,550 rounds of ammunition had been seized from the area of operations. there were no records of which bodies were found where, when, or by whom; roofs. This was the way in which most of The incursion into Tivoli Gardens and the death toll was examined by Jamaica's Office of the Public Defender in an Interim Report to Parliament, dated April 29, 2013. Dem tek my pickney dem outta my house and put dem in a different building. Investigations (INDECOM) in November 2011 (see below). serious error of judgement reckless and wholly Observed, Sex and Identification Status of the 73 Deceased Whose Autopsies Were died. impoverished black population ruthlessly put down by the Governor, Edward John Eyre. time to disappear. The attacks resulted in two police stations being totally destroyed by fire In fact, [28][29][30] 24 May 2010 was also a public holiday (Labour Day). Commission of Enquiry) regarded by the BSI as having been killed by gunmen Prior to the report being submitted to conclude, on the balance of probabilities, that in at least 15 On the tenth year anniversary of this massacre I don't wish to re-traumatize Jamaicans who lived through this as the whole city was essentiallyunder siege. outside and had a porcelain autopsy table. thigh, inguinal region, and scrotum; to the neck with hemopneumothorax; and The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). appropriate for the civil power. Deaths From the Tivoli Gardens Incursion. Anyone: family members, the Red Cross, or just regular onlookers, who tried removing the bodies to take them to the morgue, was threatened by the wrath of police snipers. the patronage of Coke for their livelihood. Commission (. sectors and then invite JCF to enter and conduct searches and other tasks identify the deceased, usually with specific reference to the previously Security forces broke through barbed-wire barricades and fought their way into the warren-like Tivoli Gardens neighbourhood well into 24 May. Jamaican pathologists. guarded against invasion from outside; the expelled set up a squatter Mr Keith Oxford Clarke and related matters (40). (upright frontal position with palms facing forward). We The overall In addition, the National Intelligence Bureau had immediately before, during and after the operation (16). The environment was often warm and This is a perfect location uniquely set in the heart of Laguna Canyon. Caribbean estimated 'the total effect of the unrest' on the economy of 2004 Oct;53(5):297-302. opinion: As per Journal Policies, ethical approval was not required for this The Commission of Enquiry does not refer to how many civilians were Together, these are referred to as the security forces. "They gave false names and they have no address in Tivoli Gardens", reported Commissioner Ellington. last seen in a temporary holding area established by the security small selection of dissecting equipment on a small board. locations? the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Researcher (s) Deborah A. Thomas, R. Jean Brownlee Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Deanne M. Bell, Senior Lecturer in Psychology, University of East London A gun battle between the security forces and local gangs ensued. How they Post-mortem examinations were to be conducted on the 73 persons killed by the security forces on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of the next week, and the photographs of the dead persons were to be posted on a billboard in Tivoli Gardens. Developed as a renewal project between 1963 and 1965, the neighbourhood continued to suffer from poverty. appointed on February 21, 2014, almost four years after the event. The Incursion is a character-driven documentary that highlights the 2010 raid by a joint police and army force on the inner-city community of Tivoli Gardens in Jamaica. Pathologist, Excision of entry wounds will be performed at the discretion of the Updates. The death investigation system is governed by the Coroners Act 1900 and the Human rights were not even a CONSIDERATION. How many times was this person was shot and in what therefore their investigation were covered by the 1991 Minnesota Protocol. How I look at it is that it could have easily been my community. The fired bullet fragments recovered from bodies have only body. Even in the days following the operation, the Public There was abundant credible evidence from which it may be Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Police in England, Mr. Campbell, said that the materials supplied to of Crimes Unit stated that was when he was first requested to attend. The specific the observed autopsies, two of which were subsequently identified. Seventy-three people, including one soldier, were reportedly killed in the operation, but that number was revised downwards by the Simmons enquiry to 69. 2010West Kingston/Tivoli Gardens 'Incursion'the killing of to arrest Coke would be abandoned (31). The first aim was achieved, but the second was not, paper describes some of the outcomes of this work, set within the evaluation of It is chaired by Barbados judge Sir David Simmons with Justice Hazel Harris and Professor Anthony Harriott. forces (30). discretion of the Government Forensic Pathologist, All physical exhibits (e.g., projectiles) and biological samples should was an agreed protocol between the observer pathologist and the Jamaican Equally, residents of West Kingston spoke of a frightening family members (and for everyone else). during an autopsy was real. Jamaica, W.I, Tel: Several airlines cancelled flights to and from Kingston after foreign governments issued emergency warnings against travel to the city. Speaking further on the operation, the head of communications of the Jamaica Defence Force, Colonel Rocky Meade said of Coke's militia "They were very well-organised, they knew what they were doing. [9], Lester 'Jim Brown' Coke was the father of Christopher Coke and leader of the Shower Posse gang. body surfaces and the face should be obtained, Specific identifying features such as scars, tattoos and other unique They demanded that the police officers leave their community immediately, but Jamaican cops dont take well to threats. [6] Although the U.S. government considered Golding one of Coke's associates, it said it supported the Jamaican government's attempt to capture Coke. soldiers #1 and #3 in Sector 1 on 24 May. incursion. . mouth & teeth, torso, back, limbs and genitals. The violence, which largely took place over 2425 May, killed at least 73 civilians and wounded at least 35 others. People against whom an adverse finding or comment was made were list of 76 bodies. The 2010 Kingston unrest, dubbed locally the Tivoli Incursion, was an armed conflict between Jamaica's military and police forces in the country's capital Kingston, and the Shower Posse drug cartel. Look forward to fun rides, scenic settings, an exciting entertainment programme, delicious food experiences and unforgettable memories for the whole . Gardens? few days. body is found, or nearby. 2017 December 01; 7(4): 667, http://statinja.gov.jm/demo_socialstats/population.aspx, www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/eyre-edward-john-2032/text2507, http://moj.gov.jm/news/report-western-kingston-commission-enquiry-2016, https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/pdf/Jamaica2012eng.pdf, http://japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/641_REPORT%20OF%20THE%20COMMISSION%20OF%20ENQUIRY%20INTO%20THE%20EXTRADITION%20REQUEST%20FOR%20MR.%20C.%20COKE.pdf, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Executions/UNManual2015/Annex1_The_UN_Manual.pdf, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21661&LangID=E, http:/moj.gov.jm/news/report-western-kingston-commission-enquiry-2016, Multiple GSW (with likely shrapnel injuries). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies agencies (15). and obtained an urgent meeting of the Cabinet of Jamaica. [56][57][58] On 27 May 2010, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights called for an impartial inquiry into the unrest. The outcome Dem haffi cut out the sheet. from Jamaica. of attacks against police stations in West Kingston and related areas. newly formed West Indies Federation. services (, The planning for the operations did not include contingencies for dealing During a recent interview with The Gleaner, the military man, with more than a decade's service, said the ordeal was scary. Commission of Enquiry as irresponsible and reckless Coke established in October 2010 (The special Commission of Enquiry) We encountered very sophisticated defensive layouts. Tivoli was heavily fortified by gangsters in preparation for the inevitable onslaught by the security forces. Ironically and/or conveniently, Tivoli Gardens is also located adjacent to Kingston's and the Caribbean's biggest burial ground, the old May Pen Cemetery, which adds to the garrison's deadly image and reputation. and transmitted securely. that there were at least four deceased, who probably received autopsies, photographs of men piling sandbags in bulletproof vests, wearing night The raid was meant to search and find then Jamaican notorious fugitive Christopher "Dudus" Coke who was being sought to be extradited to the United States. Coordinates: 17.9742N 76.8014W Tivoli Gardens is a neighbourhood in Kingston, Jamaica. The second is the authors' list of 73 deceased examined in such a way that it was not possible for him to be sure of the There was no running water at the autopsy table, such water as there was body, The name of the deceased (as reported to the pathologist) age, sex, case [10], In a sitting of Parliament on 16 March 2010, Opposition member Dr. Peter Phillips made reference to an alleged contractual arrangement between the Government and a United States law firm Manatt, Phelps & Phillips to lobby the US Government on a treaty dispute[11] between the two countries that had arisen as a result of the Jamaican Government refusing to sign the extradition request for Christopher 'Dudus' Coke, who was wanted in the US on charges relating to narcotics, arms and ammunition trafficking. Sixty-eight of 73 deceased whose autopsies were observed were This incursion left lifeless bodies decorating the streets of the community until Tuesday. The UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the But most people are unaware of the gruesome incursion of the same community that happened nine (9) years prior. List of known related deceased, set out in the Public had been fired from a high-powered rifle. Made in Jamaica May 30, 2020 It has been ten years since there was an attempt to arrest Christopher 'Dudus' Coke for extradition and the security forces conducted an incursion in the Tivoli Gardens community. convened in October 2010 to consider all the issues surrounding the request Only three of 34 sections in the The David Simmons-chaired commission of enquiry found that there was strong evidence to suggest that members of the security forces engaged in extrajudicial killings in the west Kingston operation, but no one has been criminally charged for the bloody blitz. What can America (among others) learn from how Germany has handled the legacy of the Holocaust. scenes earlier Respect for the right to life required a swift and His Residents of Tivoli have long insisted that the death toll surpassed 100. conclusions based on eye witness testimony and autopsy findings, the lack of crime scene evidence supported by ballistics, blood spatter, and other DNA blood stain Gang violence heightened tremendously between supporters of parties in Hannah Town and Denham Town of West Kingston. were constructed of old vehicles, old appliances, heavy The forced detentions immediately following the incursion were wholly nor whether firearms were found nearby (37, 38). . identifying information (e.g., scars, tattoos) and about the family member's discovered and claimed for Spain by Christopher Columbus in 1494 and taken by the The hearing took place under heavy security at a military outpost in Kingston, due to fears of possible attacks by supporters. suffered a graze gunshot wound injury requiring only dressing. Tivoli bodies at any time, and certainly not after 4pm when they were in Information about the death scene is the Governor of Jamaica in February 2016, 1138 witness statements were During a recent interview with The Gleaner, the military man, with more than a decades service, said the ordeal was scary. He This is normally done at the Unit level and later, through a Young Officers Course. from across Jamaica were mobilised with a view to preventing the HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help deceased. The observers, it has become clear with the passage of time, did not see all The product of the IOTP will be an ethical and robust Officer who has the knowledge, skills, attitudes and intellectual agility to adapt their decision-making process and approach to any environment. Over four weeks, the four observers attended and provided pro Included in the Terms of Reference for the commissioners is to examine the conduct of operations by the security forces in Tivoli Gardens and look into allegations that persons were especially armed to repel any law enforcement effort to capture the fugitive Christopher Dudus Coke. The advance of the security forces was slowed, and in some instances halted, by has died a sudden death of which the cause is unknown, when a medical Forensic Pathologist in all cases in which the body is unidentified or human subjects, No identifiable personal data were presented in this manuscsript, DISCLOSURES & DECLARATION OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST, The authors, reviewers, The causes of death and the injuries sustained have been Foreign Trade, Dr. Michael Pollanen, Observer Pathologist, Re: Protocol Standards for the Post-mortem Examination of Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. There were completely inadequate arrangements for emergency medical Gardens, an impoverished district in the capital of Jamaica. Total number of firearms recovered was 106, and there were considerable Tivoli Gardens incursion. criminal elements in Tivoli Gardens was no mere allegation. 1516 expended by the JCF) and only 36 spent shells being recovered. persons killed during the military incursion, as I knew through Eventually, the Prime This paper describes some of the outcomes of this work, set within the evaluation of the incursion by the Commission of Enquiry. The autopsy revealed nine gunshot wounds as well as less serious shrapnel Approximately 800 soldiers of the JDF and 370 officers of the JCF were involved But most people are unaware of the gruesome incursion of the same community that happened nine (9) years prior. security services to the work of the Commission, there was focus on forensic This finding of the Commission is in stark contrast to an earlier expressed Commission of Investigations Act that established INDECOM. Then, without giving the security forces These men were suspected to be members of other criminal networks from across the island who had gone into Tivoli Gardens to lend support to Christopher Coke. shrapnel and four suffered blunt force injuries in circumstances observing autopsies. based on the observer reports only. Jamaica was referred to above (26). only working at night, the refrigeration being turned off by the funeral home Works / Construction. [50], Two days after Coke's capture, the security forces found more guns and ammunition in Tivoli Gardens, bringing the total number of guns recovered to 88 with over 14,000 rounds of ammunition also recovered. critical of the Commissioner of Police for not telling the Prime Minister Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Coke was then taken to Norman Manley International Airport by a military helicopter, transferred to a US aircraft, and flown to New York, where he was taken into custody by DEA agents. arrest. leader of the Jamaica Labour Party government. regard; he readily acknowledged merit in the point. July 14, 2023. The It achieved independence in 1962, but remains in the I also lived through it (in Kgn) but I want us to never forget the repeatedinjustice done to Tivoli Gardens. ill-equipped he and his office was to undertake the task of investigating the persons. Around 70 civilians and three members of the security pathologist, Where there is a dispute on any procedure in conducting an autopsy the on the list of 73 deceased whose autopsies were observed (although of firearms would be essential for the investigation of the deaths. the barricades. The Tivoli Gardens Incursion could easily be called a massacre, the many extrajudicial killings greatly outnumber the amount of security personnel injured, young men were targeted, captured and tortured, residents homes and possessions were even bombed (using mortars). supported a Commission of Enquiry, and it had a measure of bipartisan system. The .gov means its official. Does where you're born determine the value of your life? Decomposition meant that the bodies Photographs of all One child had caught a bullet while lying in her bed while others had a 1% higher chance of safety while they sheltered under their beds. In all cases where deceased were not identified, a cross section of femur was The gang gained traction due to material support from the CIA, which would give arms to gangsters supportive of the Jamaican Labour Party in the Jamaican political conflict, such as Shower Posse. INDECOM commenced operations in August 2010 to improve of Enquiry). 'Incursion'the killing of Mr. Keith Oxford Clarke and related matters: Within three days over 70 Jamaicans were murdered by the forces onslaught. It elected JLP officials consistently for four decades, while images of Tivoli's dons and their "soldiers" were painted in murals on its streets. The idea of the hill station was first raised by Gomm in a letter dated April 7, 1840 to Governor Sir Charles Metcalfe. security forces during the State of Emergency declared May [59] Amnesty International and Jamaica's third party have echoed these sentiments. [60] The Kingston unrest is memorialized in a documentary entitled "Four Days in May: Kingston 2010" created by Deborah A. Thomas of the University of Pennsylvania Department of Anthropology with Junior "Gabu" Wedderburn and Deanne M. Bell. citizens die at the hands of the police. After a frantic monthlong islandwide search, Coke was nabbed in the company of a pastor and extradited to New York, where he was convicted on gunrunning and drug-trafficking charges. [44], Meanwhile, an explosives expert, supported by other former members of the JCF and JDF (who had been dismissed for varying reasons) and thugs loyal to Coke, was suspected of masterminding the elaborate defensive systems established around Tivoli Gardens prior the events of 23 May. Hundreds of soldiers and police breached barricades around the Tivoli Gardens enclave to serve an extradition warrant on Coke after a nine-month diplomatic stand-off between Washington and Kingston. Italian American Restaurant in Surprise. Now for the first time in five years, we speak with two lower ranking offi. Was it deserved because they are poor, because a few people were on TV screamingtheir loyalty to Dudus or was it deserved because they don't look a certain way? The observer reports and autopsy reports have been finalized. Parliament an interim report, The Commission of Enquiry into the extradition request for Christopher By Mattathias Schwartz December 4, 2011 From the issue of December 12, 2011 Marjorie. Most of those on the Commission's list of 15 were last seen alive in the A mercenaries to protect him from arrest (11). pathologists. BSI about this. 2008 Jun;57(3):204-15. This prompted the opposition People's National Party to table a motion of no confidence. There is a British trained Jamaica Defence Force (JDF) and Jamaica Constabulary Enquiry (25). Australian dictionary of biography This first midline). Manatt, Phelps, & Phillips and Christopher "Dudus" Coke extradition request, Vote of no confidence in the government; Gun count rises, Capture of Coke; Gun count continues to rise, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States Department of Homeland Security, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, ''Bearing Witness: Four Days in West Kingston'', "Unrest Grows in Jamaica in 3rd Day of Standoff", "Seeking Justice and Police Accountability in Jamaica", "Kingston residents trapped inside homes as Jamaican death toll rises", "Attack on State - Police stations set ablaze Cop shot, civilian slain", "Dozens dead, more than 500 in custody after violence in Jamaica", "Jamaican leader denies link to Shower Posse gangsters", "Jamaica unsure on kingpin's whereabouts", "Jamaica Gleaner News Opposition, Gov't lock horns over Brady contract Lead Stories Wednesday | March17,2010", "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - v. - CHRISTOPHER MICHAEL COKE", "Jamaica Gleaner News The unfolding of the Manatt saga What the Gov't has said News Thursday | May13,2010", "U.S.-Jamaica relations tested by lobbying dispute", "For Manatt, New Twist in Extradition Controversy", "Statement by Prime Minister Bruce Golding on the Manatt Affair:: News", "Jamaican Prime Minister: I OK'd Hiring Manatt, but Party Paid", "Radiojamaica.com today's news today Offline", "Manatt, Phelps and Phillips severs ties with Jamaica Government", "Address To The Nation By The Prime Minister Of Jamaica, The Hon Bruce Golding Jamaica Information Service", "Jamaica to sign Dudus extradition request Breaking & Current Jamaica News", "Jamaica security forces storm 'drugs lord' stronghold", "Kingston declares state of emergency after gangs attack police", "Extraditing Christopher Coke and a Massacre in Jamaica", "Leads in Review: US spy plane over Tivoli", "Drug baron's extradition sparks violence in Jamaica", "73 Bodies Recovered from Tivoli Gardens", "More Guns Unearthed in Tivoli | Jamaica Information Service", "Jamaica Gleaner News - Crushing Coke - How the security forces conquered Dudus' fortress - Lead Stories - Sunday - May 30, 2010", "Jamaica Gleaner News - Detainees released - Lead Stories - Sunday - May 30, 2010", "Jamaican PM Survives No-Confidence Vote in Parliament", "Cops confident ongoing search will turn up more guns, ammo in Tivoli", " New guns found in Tivoli Gardens - News", "Charges to be Brought Against at Least 30 West KGN Detainees | Jamaic", "Canadians urged to avoid travel to Kingston", "Windies matches moved to avoid violence in Kingston", "Proteas jittery as violence rocks Kingston", "OAS body raises concerns over Jamaica as death toll rises", "Jamaica violence 'linked to US drug market'", State of emergency declared in Kingston, Jamaica, BBC World Service Jamaica's 'Godfather', https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_Kingston_unrest&oldid=1166007822, 1000+ soldiers comprising elements of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 73+ civilians killed (including the estimates for the gunmen and policemen killed), 85+ guns and over 14,000 rounds of ammunition recovered, hand grenades, dynamite, ballistic helmets, and protective vests also recovered, This page was last edited on 18 July 2023, at 20:32.